Mobilisational Phase (1971-1990)

1. Background: Kothagudem Thermal Power Station Dispute

2. Key High Court Judgments (1969–1972)

3. Supreme Court Intervention & Related High Court Rulings

4. Petitions on the Definition of “Mulki”

5. Key Outcomes & Movements Triggered

1. Key Political Figures & Leadership Changes (1971–1972)

2. Chronology of Major Political & Legal Events (1972–1973)

3. Key Organizations & Their Stances

4. Role of Key Individuals

5. Government & Parliamentary Actions

1. Overview & Announcement

2. Details of the Six Point Formula

3. Implementation & Impact

4. Political Developments

5. Challenges & Criticisms

6. Further Implications

1. Parliamentary Approval & Constitutional Changes

The Central Government implemented the 32nd Constitutional Amendment to formalize the Six Point Plan. The amendment passed with 511 votes in favor and 8 against in the Lok Sabha. It modified Article 371(1) and introduced Articles 371(D) and 371(E). The President ratified the bill on May 3, 1974, and it came into effect on July 1, 1974.

2. Key Provisions Following the Amendment

• Executive Tribunal for employment grievances
• Creation of Central University
• Articles 371(D) & 371(E) for local employment safeguards

3. Presidential Order & Implementation

4. Zonal Classification & Local Quotas

• 80% reservation – District cadre posts
• 70% reservation – Zonal non-gazetted posts
• 60% reservation – Zonal gazetted posts
• Residency requirement reduced to 4 years

5. Transfer Policies & Hyderabad Free Zone

• Transfers allowed between zones
• Hyderabad declared free zone for police recruitment
• Allowed recruitment from entire state

6. Challenges & Controversies

• Misuse of Hyderabad free zone
• Illegal cadre conversions
• Irregular transfers and appointments

7. Adverse Impacts on Telangana

8. Violations of Presidential Orders

• Cadres reclassified to reduce local reservations
• Fraudulent certificates used for jobs
• Non-local appointments increased
• Universities exempted from safeguards

9. Exploitation of Transfer Policies

• Large-scale transfers into Telangana
• Hyderabad free zone expanded to other departments
• Illegal deputations increased

10. Outcome & Legacy

The implementation failed to balance regional interests and led to renewed dissatisfaction in Telangana, contributing to future demands for separate statehood.

1. Abolition of Mulki Rules

The abolition of Mulki rules reduced the local recognition period from 15 years to 4 years. Previously illegal Andhra employees working in Telangana were legitimized under Paragraph 9 of Article 371(D), weakening job protections for Telangana natives.

2. Unequal Opportunities

Reduction in local employment quotas allowed non-locals to occupy posts meant for Telangana residents, creating dissatisfaction and injustice.

3. Impact of the Six Point Formula

• Centralized decision-making weakened regional safeguards.
• Facilitated encroachments by non-local candidates.
• Triggered renewed Telangana statehood demands.

4. Dissolution of Telangana Regional Committee

5. Violations of Presidential Orders

• Open competition posts filled by non-locals
• District cadres converted to zonal cadres
• Fake residency certificates used
• Discrimination in Secretariat & HOD offices
• Universities excluded from safeguards
• Illegal transfers into Telangana
• Hyderabad declared expanded free zone

6. Manipulation of Cadre Levels

7. Impact on Telangana

• Loss of job opportunities for locals
• Fake certificates increased
• Illegal deputations
• Youth and employee dissatisfaction

8. Post Jai Andhra Movement

After the 1973 Jai Andhra movement, many safeguards achieved during the 1969 Telangana movement were eroded, intensifying demands for a separate Telangana state.

1. Background and Appointment of the Committee

During 1983–84, Telangana Non-Gazetted Employees (TNGOs) and other unions highlighted irregularities in appointments, postings, and job allotments in Telangana. They requested the Government to safeguard local employment opportunities as per Article 371(D) and Presidential Orders (October 18, 1975). In response, the Government appointed the Jaya Bharath Reddy Committee to examine implementation from 1975 to 1984.

2. Findings of the Committee

The Committee found that appointments, promotions, postings, and transfers between 1975–1984 violated Article 371(D) and Presidential Orders. A 36-page report was submitted, including an employee census conducted as of June 30, 1981.

3. Employee Census (June 30, 1981)

4. Significance of the Report

The report provided empirical evidence of widespread violations of Article 371(D) safeguards. Nearly 59,000 non-local employees were working in Telangana. The findings highlighted systematic irregularities in recruitment and strengthened demands for strict implementation of safeguards and eventually a separate Telangana state.

1. Background

The Jaya Bharath Reddy Committee reported nearly 59,000 non-local employees in Telangana, highlighting violations of Presidential Orders. On December 5, 1985, the Telangana Non Gazetted Officers (TNGO) Union submitted a representation requesting corrective action. Following discussions on December 7, 1985, the Government issued G.O.Ms.No.610 on December 30, 1985.

2. Main Provisions of G.O.Ms.No.610

3. Implementation Challenges

• Court interventions prevented transfers
• Official support for non-local employees
• Promotions used to avoid repatriation
• Retrospective dilution of local quotas (2000 G.O.)

4. Impact on Employment Opportunities

• Limited job creation for Telangana locals
• Industrial decline reduced ~25,000 jobs
• Increase in contractual and outsourcing employment
• Safeguards not applicable to informal jobs

5. Overall Impact

Although G.O. 610 aimed to correct violations of Presidential Orders, lack of proper implementation prevented meaningful benefits for Telangana locals and contributed to continued dissatisfaction.

1. Issuance and Immediate Implementation of G.O. 564

On December 3, 1985, the Government issued G.O. 564 directing the transfer of non-local employees illegally appointed in the Telugu Ganga Project (Zone 4 – Rayalaseema) to their respective native zones (Zones 1, 2, and 3). Unlike many other employment safeguard orders, G.O. 564 was implemented immediately and effectively.

2. Stark Contrast with G.O. 610

3. Neglect of Telangana

Despite clear directives under G.O. 610, non-local employees illegally recruited in Zones 5 and 6 were not repatriated. The order was not implemented with urgency, allowing non-locals to continue occupying government posts meant for Telangana candidates.

4. Impact on Telangana Movement

• Continued injustice in public employment
• Non-local dominance in government jobs
• Growing dissatisfaction among Telangana youth
• Symbol of regional discrimination
• Major grievance in Telangana statehood movement

1. Background

Due to failure in implementing G.O. 610, more than one lakh non-local employees continued to work in Telangana (Zones V & VI). Telangana Non Gazetted Officers demanded corrective action. Chief Minister N. Chandrababu Naidu appointed retired IAS officer Girglani to investigate. The commission worked from June 26, 2001 to September 30, 2004.

2. Investigation Process

• 100-question questionnaire sent to departments
• Examined appointments from 1975–2004
• Consulted unions and department heads
• Compiled extensive employee census

3. Major Findings

4. Volume-wise Breakdown

• Volume I – Appointments in Telangana since 1975
• Volume II – Data and statistical analysis
• Volume III – Recommendations and solutions

5. Key Violations Identified

• Non-execution of Presidential Orders
• Hyderabad declared as "Free Zone"
• Expansion of state departments
• Zonal and cadre manipulation
• Illegal transfers to Telangana
• Heavy project exemptions misuse
• Upgrading of posts reducing local quota
• Fake residential certificates
• APPSC recruitment violations
• Urban development authority irregularities
• Compassionate appointment misuse
• Healthcare and ITDA violations

6. Recommendations

Immediate Actions

• Stop illegal appointments
• Establish independent monitoring body
• Update service registers
• Identify non-local employees

Long-term Measures

• Create monitoring authority
• Transparent recruitment system
• Strengthen Article 371(D) safeguards

7. Significance

The Girglani Report documented systematic violations over three decades. Its findings strengthened the Telangana movement, though recommendations were not fully implemented.

1. Origins and Philosophical Foundations

• Naxalbari Uprising (1967, Darjeeling, West Bengal) led by Charu Majumdar and Kanu Sanyal.
• Slogan: “Land, livelihood, and liberation.”
• Objective: Redistribution of land to agricultural workers.
• Philosophy: “Land to the tiller” – agrarian revolution.
• Aim: Dismantle feudal structures and initiate New Democratic Revolution.
• Trigger: Arming tribal communities against exploitative landlords.

2. Inspiration and Historical Context

• Mao Zedong’s Chinese Revolution (1949) – guerrilla warfare strategy.
• Lenin’s Bolshevik Revolution (1917).
• Telangana Armed Struggle (1946–51).
• Formation of CPI (1920, M.N. Roy).
• Split into CPI and CPM due to ideological differences.
• Land inequality and exploitation of peasants.

3. Goals and Strategies

• Overthrow feudal systems.
• Redistribute land to peasants.
• Eliminate bonded labor.
• Mobilize rural peasantry.
• Guerrilla warfare strategy.
• Formation of Marxist-Leninist groups.

4. The Naxalbari Uprising (1967)

Initial Actions

• March 3, 1967: Peasants occupied landlord land.
• Inspired by Tebhaga movement.
• Charu Majumdar provided ideological guidance.

Expansion

• Spread across 274 sq. miles.
• Peasant committees redistributed land.

Clash and Response

• May 23–25, 1967: Violent clashes.
• Prasad Jote Massacre (May 25).
• Declared beginning of peasant liberation war.

5. National Impact and Response

• Spread to Srikakulam, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh.
• Student and youth support.
• Revolutionary literature spread.

Formation of CPI (ML)

• April 22, 1969: CPI (ML) established.
• Charu Majumdar as General Secretary.
• Focus on guerrilla warfare.

6. Socio-Economic Background

• Skewed land ownership.
• Peasant exploitation.
• Caste oppression.
• Illegal labor practices.

7. Tribal Peasant Struggles: Srikakulam Case

• Tribals dispossessed by landlords.
• Bonded labor system.
• Redistribution of wastelands.
• Formation of tribal self-rule zones.
• Mondemkhal Meeting (1969).
• Guthikonda Bilam Meeting (1969).

8. Social Boycotts as a Tool

• Boycott used against landlords.
• Chinnampalli Incident (1978).
• Kodurupaka violence.
• Community self-defense.
• Village-based justice systems.

Conclusion

The Naxalite movement emerged as an agrarian and ideological revolution aimed at redistributing land and dismantling feudal structures. It became a symbol of resistance and socio-economic justice for marginalized communities.

1. Maddunur Incident – 1978

• April 1978: Peasant Union activists assassinated landlord Patel Narayana Rao.
• June 17, 1978: Agricultural laborers struck against landlord Rajeshwar Rao for higher wages.
• June 20, 1978: 500 carts from six villages cut teak trees on 200 acres of landlord land.
• This event marked the beginning of the Jagityal Jaitra Yatra.

2. Lakshettipet Incident

• Laborers demanded higher wages during Tendu leaf season.
• Fought contractors for fair pricing.

3. Manthani Incident

• Contractors took Tendu leaves without payment.
• Laborers protested against contractors and forest officials.

4. Jagityal Jaitra Yatra (September 8, 1978)

5. Chinnametpalli Incident (Sept 14, 1978)

• Farmers protested landlord atrocities.
• Landlord opened fire; 19 farmers injured.

6. Korutla Incident (Sept 18, 1978)

• Bandh organized by CPI (ML) Radical Students Union.
• Protest against Metpally firing.

7. Lothunoor Incident (Sept 26, 1978)

• Farmers marched against landlord Jagga Rao.
• Police firing killed farmer Pochalu.

8. Paidipally Mahasabha (Oct 1, 1978)

• Agricultural laborers meeting in Warangal.
• Focused on land rights and anti-feudal struggle.

9. Lakshettipeta Mahasabha (Oct 19, 1978)

• Large farmer meeting in Adilabad.
• Led by Kalyanam Venkateshwar Rao.

10. Regional Impact and Repression

1. Local Challenges and Landlord Exploitation

• Feudal oppression through forced labor and violence.
• Non-enforcement of Mulki rules led to youth unemployment.
• 1969 Telangana agitation resulted in deaths of students.
• Naxalbari movement inspired youth and peasants.
• Support increased during Emergency period.

2. Peasant Resistance and Symbolic Actions

• Sircilla–Jagityal Jaitra Yatra symbolized resistance.
• Direct action against landlords in Nimmanapalli and Madhunuru.
• June 17, 1978 strike for higher wages.

3. Direct Actions and Wider Impact

• Villagers collectively harvested teak forests.
• Abolition of bonded labor practices.
• Grassroots justice through village panchayats.
• Spread of movement to multiple villages.

Indravelli Incident

Background and Trigger

• Meeting organized by Tribal Agricultural Laborers Union.
• Initial government permission later obstructed by police.

Clashes and Casualties

• Violent confrontation occurred.
• Official deaths: 13
• Unofficial estimates: more than 60
• Widely reported by media.

Memorial and Political Aftermath

1. Historical Context and Cultural Practices

• Challenging Stereotypes: Contrary to mainstream perceptions of tribals as innocent and uncivilized, history shows that so-called ‘civilized people’ often exploited them, leading to a tribal crisis.
• Rich Traditions: Tribals possess rich traditions and religious practices, including animal sacrifices during important agricultural events.
• Connection to Forests: Tribal culture is deeply intertwined with forest life.

2. Exploitation Under Various Regimes

• During Nizam’s Rule: Tribals faced harassment through excessive taxation.
• Post-Independence Challenges: Hunting bans and restrictions on shifting cultivation (Podu) affected livelihoods.
• Economic Exploitation: Shopkeepers seized tribal lands in exchange for goods, creating debt traps.

3. Tribal Rebellions and Resistance

• Tribals resisted exploitation through rebellions since 1897.
• Notable Uprisings:
• Agency area uprisings in early 19th century
• Rampa Rebellion (1879)
• Gondu-Kolam rebellion (1940s)
• Srikakulam tribal rebellion (1969)

Tribal Laws and Land Rights

1. Early Legal Protections

• Scheduled Area Act, 1874: The British government enacted this act to protect tribal areas by separating them legally from other regions. Its influence continues in how civil and criminal cases are handled in these areas.

2. Protection of Agency Areas, Land Transfers Act, 1937

• Originally established in 1917, this law was designed to protect tribal interests by preventing the alienation of tribal lands to non-tribals and abolishing debts owed to moneylenders.

3. Telangana Region Tribal Areas Rule, 1949

• Background: Before the 1940s, there was little legal protection for tribal lands in the Telangana region.
• Provisions: Enacted after tribal rebellions, it provided mechanisms for protecting tribal lands and established tribal panchayats.

4. Scheduled Areas Land Transfers Act, 1959

• Purpose: Consolidated and extended protections after formation of Andhra Pradesh.
• Key Provision: Prevented transfer of tribal land without government consent.

5. 1 of 70 Act (1970)

• Background: Introduced following tribal and peasant struggles.
• Key Provision: Illegal for non-tribals to acquire tribal land.
• Ownership Rule: Land transactions favor tribal ownership; otherwise land reverts to government.

6. Constitutionality and Enforcement

• Supreme Court Ruling (1988): Upheld constitutionality of 1 of 70 Act to protect tribal lands.

Forest Rights Act, 2006

Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006

1. Background and Recognition

• Historical Exclusion: Forest management policies failed to recognize the relationship of Scheduled Tribes with forests.
• Recognition: FRA 2006 recognizes rights of forest-dwelling communities over forest resources.

2. Types of Rights Recognized

• Developmental Rights: Allocation of forest land for infrastructure needs.
• Protection from Eviction: Prevents eviction without rehabilitation.

3. Role of the Gram Sabha

• Protect biodiversity and wildlife
• Prevent destructive practices
• Participate in policy decisions
• Manage community forest resources

4. Overall Empowerment

• Access forest resources
• Conserve and manage forests
• Protection from eviction
• Access development facilities

5. Objectives

• Undo historical injustice
• Ensure livelihood security
• Strengthen forest conservation

Koneru Ranga Rao Committee

1. Assessment

• Examined land issues and highlighted government failures in protecting tribal land rights.
• Described the tribal land issue as an “incomplete program.”

2. Findings

• Observed delays in resolving cases under the 1 of 70 Act.
• Identified injustice faced by tribals due to prolonged litigation.

3. Recommendations

• Speedy resolution of pending cases.
• Strict enforcement of tribal land protection laws.

4. Scholarly Emphasis

• Scholars Biyyala Janardhan Rao, Bala Gopal, Palla Trinadh Rao, and Mamidi Bharat Bhushan stressed rehabilitation and protection of tribal lands.

Haimendorf’s Contributions

• Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf appointed by the Nizam to study tribal communities.
• Focused on Chenchus and Gonds.
• Documented findings in "Tribal Hyderabad".
• Lived among Gonds in Marlawai, Adilabad district.
• Worked on tribal welfare programs.

Persistent Alienation of Tribal Lands

• Landlords and traders occupied tribal lands.
• False transfers through adoption and marriage.
• Manipulation of land records.
• Corruption among revenue officials.

Legislative Efforts and Judicial Responses

• Scheduled Areas Land Transfers Act, 1959.
• 1 of 70 Act (1970).
• Weak implementation of laws.
• Legal loopholes exploited by non-tribals.
• Long pending land disputes.

1. Komaram Bheem’s Legacy

• Leadership and Rebellion: Komaram Bheem of the Gond tribe led a rebellion against tribal land acquisition by external forces.
• Iconic Slogan: “Jal, Jungle, Jameen” emphasizing tribal rights over natural resources.
• Death and Legacy: He died in 1940; his legacy inspires tribal activism. Telangana Government commemorates his death anniversary at Jodeghat.

2. Tribal Struggle for Rights in North Telangana

Overview of Tribal Movements

• Driven by demand for land, liberation, and livelihood.
• Inspired by leaders like Ramji Gondu and Komaram Bheem.
• Suppression pushed movements into forest areas.
• Tribes faced repression including arrests and paramilitary action.

Core Issues and Resistance

• Land rights and forest resource control.
• Sovereignty over natural resources.
• Aspiration for self-rule.

Significant Incidents of Resistance

• Adilabad Movement (1978): Tribals attacked moneylenders and reclaimed valuables.
• Government Repression: Around 1,200 people arrested and jailed.

Land Rights and Legal Struggles

• Birla Paper Mill Agitation (1980): Tribals protested bamboo supply exploitation.
• Negotiated higher wages.
• Villagers seized land documents to assert rights.

Government Indifference and Exploitation

• Mismatch between welfare claims and actions.
• Drought in Adilabad ignored.
• Tribes forced to survive on roots and scarce water.

3. Continued Challenges and Responses

• Tribal land rights struggles continue due to weak governmental action.
• Manipulation of tribal classifications caused land alienation.
• Banjara classification issues led to loss of tribal lands.
• Legal victories often not implemented on ground.
• Non-tribals retained possession due to delays.

4. Cultural and Sociopolitical Impact

• Tribal communities continued resistance against land alienation.
• Efforts to protect heritage and resources.
• Demonstrated resilience and persistence.

5. Expansion of the Movement

6. Conclusion and Legacy

• Naxalbari movement remains longest ongoing peasant movement.
• Diversified into multiple social movements:
• Peasant movements
• Tribal movements
• Labor movements
• Women’s movements
• Dalit movements
• Rights-based movements
• Minority movements
• Environmental movements
• Shift from law-and-order issue to social justice movement.

First World Telugu Conference (April 12–18, 1975)

• Organizer: Jalagam Vengala Rao Government.
• Location: Hyderabad.
• Purpose: Promote the concept of “Telugu race”.
• Criticism: Seen as undermining Telangana cultural identity.

Developments During the Conference

Protests by Intellectuals

• Kaloji Narayana Rao
• Sri Sri
• Chera Bandaraju
• Nagnamuni
• Jwalamukhi
• Nikhileshwar

Economic and Industrial Policies Under Vengala Rao

• Industrial estates developed around Hyderabad.
• Subsidies and loans offered to investors.
• Policies benefited Andhra investors.
• Large-scale migration to Telangana.
• Economic dominance in Hyderabad.

Political Landscape

• Reunification of political forces.
• N.T. Rama Rao sought Rajya Sabha nomination.
• Indira Gandhi rejected request.
• Event influenced NTR’s later political entry.

1. Congress Party Splits and Political Unrest

• Congress Party experienced internal splits in 1969 and 1978.
• Frequent changes of Chief Ministers occurred.
• Political instability led to public dissatisfaction.

2. Rise of T. Anjaiah

• Born in Medak district (Telangana).
• Worked as laborer in Allwyn Company, Hyderabad.
• Became trade union leader.
• Entered politics and became Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh.

3. Rajiv Gandhi Visit and Public Outrage

• Rajiv Gandhi visited Hyderabad during Anjaiah’s tenure.
• Reported public insult of Chief Minister Anjaiah.
• Triggered widespread public anger.

4. N.T. Rama Rao’s Political Emergence

1. Formation of the Party

• Date: March 29, 1982
• Founder: N.T. Rama Rao (NTR)
• Slogan: “Self Respect of Telugus”
• Claimed Central Government degraded Telugu self-respect.

2. Key Political Support

• Nadendla Bhaskar Rao supported NTR.
• Provided political guidance to the new party.
• NTR had no prior political experience.

3. Political Context and Public Sentiment

• Public dissatisfaction with Congress rule.
• Neglect of 1975 Presidential Orders.
• Water resource issues remained unresolved.
• Telangana voters supported Telugu Desam Party.

4. Campaign Strategy and Chaitanya Ratham

5. 1983 Elections

Alliance and Contest

• TDP contested January 1983 elections in alliance with Sanjay Vichar Manch.
• Out of 294 seats, TDP contested 289 seats.
• 5 seats left for alliance partner.

Election Results

NTR’s Performance

• Contested from Tirupati and Gudivada.
• Won both constituencies.

Profile of TDP MLAs

• Average age: 41 years
• 73 MLAs from Backward Classes (BC)

Historic Outcome

• First non-Congress government in Andhra Pradesh.
• NTR sworn in as Chief Minister on January 9, 1983.
• Formed government within nine months of party formation.

Measures Taken by N.T.R. to Suppress Telangana Existence

1. Background

• Birthplace: N.T. Rama Rao (NTR) was born in Nimmakuru, Krishna district (Andhra region).
• After Assuming Power: Following his swearing-in as Chief Minister, NTR launched cultural and political measures that critics argue were aimed at undermining Telangana’s distinct identity.

2. Cultural Measures

Overall Cultural Impact:
Through these efforts, critics argue that NTR attempted to systematize Andhra culture and undermine Telangana’s distinct cultural identity, using the rhetoric of uniting the two regions under a single Telugu identity while, in practice, neglecting Telangana’s specific heritage.

3. Political Sector

• Centralization of Power: NTR continued a highly centralized style of governance, described as “dictatorship” and “person worship”, leaving Telangana people’s representatives with little authority.
• Unilateral Decisions: His abrupt, unilateral decisions and style of functioning marginalized representatives from the Telangana region.
• Populist Schemes: Lacking prior political experience, he introduced popular schemes focused on immediate needs rather than long-term productive capacity—a political strategy to attract mass support.
• Dynastic Politics: Despite campaigning against the Gandhi family’s rule, NTR appointed his son Jaya Krishna as convenor of the party’s state conference (Mahasabha) soon after becoming Chief Minister. His son-in-law and other relatives were given important positions, leading to the growth of family rule within the party and government.

Abolition of Telangana Regional Board

• Formation: The Telangana Regional Board was formed under the Six Principles Scheme and was established through Presidential orders to ensure the development of Telangana and to bring injustices against the region to the government’s notice.
• Abolition: Soon after becoming Chief Minister, N.T. Rama Rao (NTR) abolished the board.
• Consequences: With its dissolution, the only institutional mechanism to question injustices faced by Telangana was closed. Additionally, the 12 refrigeration centers that had been set up at the board’s initiative were shut down.

Varuni-Vahini (Sara) Distribution Scheme (1983)

• Launch: In 1983, NTR launched the Varuni-Vahini scheme, which involved distributing sara (alcohol) in packets.
• Prior Practice: Before 1983, people in Telangana consumed alcohol only on special occasions or festivals.
• Impact: The government opened liquor shops in all villages with police protection (PRASAD), making alcohol consumption a daily habit. This led to family fragmentation and social turmoil across Telangana.

Insult to Leaders and Poets of Telangana

Removal of Dasarathi Krishnama Charya

• Background: Telugu literary writer Dasarathi Krishnama Charya served as the court poet of the Andhra Pradesh government from 1977 to 1983.
• Action: The NTR government removed him from the post.

Statues at Tankbund

• Count: NTR erected 32 statues of veterans at Tankbund, claiming they honored the Telugu nation. Only 8 of them were from Telangana.

Environmental and Social Consequences

• Soil Excavation: Lands in Narsapur, Sangareddy, Medchal, Bhuvanagiri, Ghatkesar, Serilingampally and surrounding areas were rendered barren.
• Sand Mining: Sand required for construction was illegally transported from Mahbubnagar, Medak, and Nalgonda districts.
• Water Crisis: Ditches and ponds dried up due to excessive excavation.
• Distress Migration and Land Loss: Telangana farmers sold cattle and lands to survive.

Diversion of Water Projects

• Manjeera and Singur Projects: Diverted to supply drinking water to Hyderabad.
• Consequences: Medak farmers lost irrigation water leading to agrarian distress.

Destruction of Hyderabad’s Tanks and Gardens

• Hundreds of tanks and gardens disappeared due to real estate expansion.
• Remaining water bodies degraded to canal-like condition.

Welfare Schemes and Extractive Ploys

1. Populist Welfare Focus

• The government relied heavily on populist schemes instead of improving productive capacity.

2. Two Rupees per KG Rice Scheme

• Launch: Subsidized rice through PDS.
• Impact: Rain-fed agriculture suffered.

Impact on Cropping Patterns

• Decline of jowar, ragi, bajra and sorghum cultivation.
• No procurement support for millets.
• Rice cultivation prioritized.

Consequences

• Traditional food patterns declined.
• Rice millers benefited.
• Subsidy increased from ₹78 crores (1983–84) to ₹523 crores (1992–93).

3. Liquor Sales and Revenue Extraction

• Liquor sale in sachets expanded from 1983–84.
• Revenue increased from ₹235 crores (1983) to ₹839 crores (1991–92).
• Paved the way for anti-arrack movement.

4. Overall Critique

• Failed to enhance productive capacity.
• Perceived as representing dominant coastal Andhra interests.

Exhibition Society

1. Formation and Purpose

• Established during Nizam era to promote higher education.
• Organized All India Exhibition annually.
• Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan granted land at Nampally.

2. Andhra Rulers’ Interference

• Investors sought control of land.
• NTR terminated long-term lease.
• Financial crisis for educational institutions.

1970 Industrial Policy

The government introduced a new policy that grouped industries into four categories based on capital investment:

• 1973 Changes:
• Nineteen industries were included in the core sector.
• Encouraged growth of small scale and cottage industries for producing commodities for large scale use.
• Promoted establishment of industries in the mixed sector.

1975 Industrial Policy

• Removal of Licensing: Licensing requirements were removed for 21 industries, including cotton threads, germicidal products, machine tools, industrial implements, and sewing machines.
• These industries could expand without prior permission but faced restrictions on importing raw materials and capital goods.
• Export Mandate: Another 30 industries were required to export their products only after utilizing their full production capacity.

1977 Industrial Policy

• Announcement: January 23, 1977
• Focus: Development of small and cottage industries, allowing their establishment and expansion in small towns and villages.

Categories of Industries

Other Features

• Each district encouraged to develop an industrial zone.
• Renewed focus on reviving the Khadi and Village Industries Commission.
• De-emphasized large industrial houses and mixed/joint ventures.
• Aimed to increase employment and reduce economic centralization.
• Did not alter provisions related to foreign or multinational companies.

1980 Industrial Policy

• Announcement: July 4, 1980 (by the Congress Party after returning to power)

Key Focus Areas

• Revival of the public sector
• Introduction of “economic federalism”
• Identification of industrially undeveloped districts
• Establishment of new organizations to enhance small, subsidiary, and cottage industries
• Increased growth rate through a more liberal production approach
• First time environmental factors were considered in industrial policy formulation

Liberalization Measures

• Investment limits raised for obtaining licenses under the Monopolistic and Restrictive Trade Practices Act (MRTP) and the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA)
• Restrictions lifted on approximately 112 industries previously constrained by these and other industrial regulations

1991 Industrial Policy

• Announcement: July 24, 1991
• Context: Introduced during the tenure of Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao, crafted by then Finance Minister Manmohan Singh, in response to changes in national and international economic scenarios.

Key Elements

Key Aspects

• Abolition of Licensing: Licensing removed for all industries except those in the chemical sector (later expanded).
• Small Scale Industries: For small industries producing reserved commodities, only an industrial approval and memorandum submission were required—no license.
• Strategic Industries Retained Under Government Control:
  • Atomic energy
  • Weaponry and explosive materials
  • Defense aircraft, warships, and defense equipment
  • Railway transport
  • Iron production
• Location Restrictions Removed: No prior restrictions on industrial location.
• Liberalized Imports: Importation of capital and capital goods liberalized.
• Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): Up to 51% permitted for foreign capital; agreements with foreign companies encouraged.
• MRTP Act Amendments:
  • Upper limit for industries removed
  • Restrictions on converting profits into equities eliminated
• Continued Support to Small Industries: Changes made to existing laws; in some cases, government assistance limited to one time intervention.
• Broadened Definition of Industry: Expanded beyond manufacturing to include service and business enterprises, aligning with international practices where small industry policies evolved into small business policies.

Evolution of Planning and Economic Policy in India

Establishment of the Planning Commission (1950)

• Objective: The Planning Commission was established in 1950 to bolster the public sector with the following goals:
• Increase production and gains
• Provide employment opportunities
• Reduce factors causing loss in earnings
• Create a society characterized by equality and justice without solely relying on GDP

The Early Five-Year Plans

• Outcome up to the Sixth Plan: Despite advancements in development and production, only some regions saw improvement due to geographical and investment inequalities.

Seventh Five-Year Plan: A Shift in Approach

• The Seventh Five-Year Plan was introduced after the death of Rajiv Gandhi.
• It marked a departure from the Nehruvian Model and Democratic Socialism, signaling a change in economic direction.

Post-1990: Liberalization, Privatization, and Globalization (LPG)

• New Economic Policy: Following 1990, policies of Liberalization, Privatization, and Globalization (LPG) were adopted.
• Key Architect: The new economic policy was spearheaded by then Finance Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh.
• Key Features:
  • Significant reforms aimed at increasing production
  • Addressing losses in public sector enterprises
  • Enhancing competitiveness on an international scale
• Departure from Previous Approach: This era marked a significant deviation from the earlier Nehruvian model, with many industries previously under government control being prioritized differently.

Background: Andhra Pradesh Economic Restructuring Project (APERP)

• Year: 1998
• Loan: The Andhra Pradesh government secured a loan of ₹2,200 crores from the World Bank under the Andhra Pradesh Economic Restructuring Project (APERP).
• Purpose: The financial assistance was intended to drive economic reforms and structural adjustments within the state.
• Guiding Framework: Implementation was guided by World Bank recommendations.
• Political Context: The Telugu Desam Party (TDP), in power at the time, endorsed these reforms.

Shift in Policy Focus

• Cancellation of Welfare Schemes: Many existing welfare schemes were canceled.
• New Priorities: Focus shifted towards economic liberalization and attracting private investments.
• Government Spending: Significant changes in expenditure patterns emerged.

Changes in Government Expenditure

• Overall Trend: The state government facilitated infrastructure and mechanisms to attract private investments, leading to a decline in welfare spending across multiple sectors.

Impact on Subsidies

• Rice Subsidy: The price of subsidized rice for the poor was increased from ₹2 per kg to ₹3.50 per kg.
• Reduced Allocation: The allocation per family was reduced by 25%.
• Consequences:
  • Increased the cost of living for economically weaker sections
  • Added to the public debt burden
  • Failed to ease the state’s financial pressures as intended

Financial Consequences

• Rising Interest Rates: Over five years, the interest rate on government debt rose sharply.
• Fiscal Deficit: The financial deficit surged from 3.2% to 5.5%.
• Outcome: The state’s finances were further strained, resulting in increased dependence on external borrowing.

Neglect of Rural Development

• Shift Away from Social Sectors: Government focus shifted toward private sector-led growth, leading to a decline in public investment in social sectors.
• Worsening Rural Conditions: Deterioration in essential services, particularly in:
  • Agriculture
  • Healthcare
  • Rural employment opportunities

Regional Inequalities

• Concentration of Investment: Private investments were predominantly concentrated in already developed urban centers, leaving economically weaker regions behind.
• Disparity Between Regions: Coastal Andhra experienced more benefits, while the Telangana region (excluding Hyderabad) lagged behind.

Overall Assessment

• Deepened economic disparities
• Increased financial burden on the general public
• Particular hardship for less developed regions of the state

Basheer Bagh Firing and Agrarian Crisis

• Date: August 28, 2000
• Event: During the Chalo Assembly protest against increased electricity tariffs, police opened fire at Basheer Bagh, resulting in the deaths of three farmers.
• Significance: The protest became a landmark event in Telangana’s history, reflecting deep dissatisfaction with government policies.

Political Context

• Chandrababu Naidu was Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh at the time.
• Following the firings, he faced severe criticism for neglecting Telangana’s irrigation needs.

Aftermath

• In 2001, Naidu laid the foundation stone for the Devadula Lift Irrigation Project on the Godavari River in Warangal district.
• This move came soon after K. Chandrashekar Rao (KCR) announced the formation of the Telangana Rashtra Samithi (TRS), intensifying the statehood demand.

Farmer Debt Crisis (2013)

• A Central government appointed committee reported that 90% of Telangana farmers were in severe debt, with an average debt of ₹94,000 per farmer.
• Average monthly income: ₹4,500–4,800
• Average monthly expenditure: ₹5,200–5,800 (a 20% deficit)
• This deficit pushed many farmers deeper into financial distress, worsening the agrarian crisis.

Outcome

• The Basheer Bagh Firings became a turning point in Telangana’s political and economic struggles.
• Reinforced the demand for statehood.
• Exposed the deep financial crisis among farmers.

Education Sector Neglect in Telangana

1. Overview

• After the merger with Andhra Pradesh, the education sector in Telangana faced significant and systematic neglect.
• Despite agreements to rectify inequalities within 5–10 years of the state’s formation, disparities widened, leaving Telangana as the most educationally backward region.
• This neglect contributed to widespread backwardness across multiple sectors.

2. Literacy Disparities (2011)

• National literacy rate (2011): 74%
• Available education funds in Telangana were either insufficient or unspent, widening the gap.

3. Funding Imbalances

• Disproportionate allocation:
  • Telangana received only 30–31% of educational funds
  • Andhra region received 68–70%
  • This imbalance persisted despite nearly equal populations in both regions.
• School dropouts:
  • In 2007–08, 63% of dropouts from grades 1 to 5 were from Telangana.
• Government resources—including teachers and funding for aided colleges—were notably lower in Telangana compared to Andhra.

4. Enrollment and Attendance

• Between 1995–96 and 2000, government spending on education increased significantly, but this did not improve school enrolment.
• By 2000, only 54% to 63% of children attended school.
• SC and ST children’s admission rates dropped to just 3%.
• Official figures from 1956 to 2001 show student admission rates hovering around 32–33%.
• After 2001, more students appeared to enroll, but many did not continue their education.

5. Infrastructure and Staffing

• Private schools were permitted only under restrictive conditions, limiting educational options.
• The education department faced collapse due to:
• Lack of adequate teaching staff
• Insufficient facilities
• Mismanagement of funds

6. Higher Education: University Disparities

Statewide Universities (Headquartered in Hyderabad)

• Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University
• Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Open University
• Potti Sriramulu Telugu University
• Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University (JNTU)
• A.P. State Council of Higher Education

Regional Universities in Telangana

• Osmania University (Hyderabad)
• Kakatiya University (Warangal)

Most universities were established in the Andhra region, deepening regional disparities in higher education access.

Relocation and Expansion Issues

• JNTU relocation: Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University (JNTU) was moved from Warangal to Hyderabad.
• Uneven expansion: New colleges were established in Kakinada and Tirupati, while none were set up in Telangana.

7. Developments Under the NTR Government

• The NTR government continued to support statewide universities such as:
• Dravidian University (Kuppam)
• Sri Venkateshwara Institute of Medical Sciences (Tirupati)
• Similar investments were not made in Telangana.

8. Summary

• Low literacy rates and high dropouts
• Unequal funding despite similar population
• Collapse of infrastructure and staffing
• Concentration of higher education institutions in the Andhra region
• Strategic relocation of institutions away from Telangana districts
• Educational disparities became a central grievance in the Telangana movement

Decline of Textile and Handloom Industry in Sircilla

1. Historical Context and Causes

• Long Term Decline: The textile industry has been in decline since the 19th century, exacerbated by economic liberalization policies.
• Rising Costs: Increased raw material costs made handloom weaving expensive.
• Market Competition: Cheap, manufactured textiles severely impacted traditional weavers in regions like Pochampalli, Gadwal, Narayanpet, and Siricilla.
• Financial Strain: Weavers faced heavy debt for raw materials and living expenses, leading to a high incidence of suicides—particularly in Siricilla, which came to be referred to as ‘Uricilla’.

2. Origin of Handloom Weaving in Sircilla

• 1920s: Locals learned weaving in Sholapur, Maharashtra and introduced it to Sircilla.
• Livelihood: Weaving became a primary livelihood in the absence of agricultural employment.
• Expansion: The craft spread to about 50 villages around Sircilla, with strong trade links to Mumbai.

3. Shift to Powerlooms and Beedi Industry

• 1970s Shift: Powerlooms emerged in Maharashtra, impacting traditional handlooms.
• Powerlooms produced cheaper and faster textiles.
• Collective Purchase: A group pooled resources to buy 3,000 powerlooms.
• Beedi Industry: Beedi rolling was introduced from Maharashtra.
• Men worked in powerlooms and women in beedi rolling.
• Expansion by 1990s: Approximately 800 workers owned 10,000–12,000 powerlooms, providing jobs for about 15,000 workers.

4. Government Policies and Economic Crisis

• Adverse Policies:
  • Removal of subsidies
  • Increased cess charges
  • Cotton exports
  • Increased electricity costs
• Inadequate Support: Governments failed to sustain the industry or provide compensation.

5. Impact and Suicides

• The crisis resulted in numerous suicides among Sircilla weavers.
• Traditional handloom weaving communities faced economic collapse and debt traps.
• Sircilla became a symbol of broader agrarian and industrial distress in Telangana.

Madiga Dandora Movement

1. Origins and Aims

• Time Period: Early 1990s
• Leadership: Manda Krishna Madiga
• Background: Arose from perceived failures in the implementation of affirmative action policies.

Key Goals

2. Strategies and Actions

• Dandora (Call to Mobilize): Traditional call to action used to rally the community.
• Rallies and Demonstrations: Organized marches, protests, and demonstrations.
• Awareness Campaigns: Highlighted disparities among SC sub castes.

3. Outcomes and Influence

• Political Influence: Brought SC sub categorization into public discourse.
• Legislative Developments: Government committees formed to examine demands.
• Enhanced Representation: Strengthened Madiga political participation.

Tudum Debba Movement

1. Origins and Aims

• Foundation: Emerged from the Madiga Dandora movement.
• Name Significance: Derived from traditional drum symbolizing resistance.

Primary Objectives

2. Strategies and Actions

• Cultural Engagement: Used traditional arts for mobilization.
• Advocacy and Legal Action: Filed petitions and pursued legal remedies.
• Community Development: Focused on education and economic opportunities.

3. Outcomes and Influence

• Increased Visibility: Raised Dalit issues in public discourse.
• Policy Impact: Influenced policy discussions.
• Community Empowerment: Strengthened collective Dalit identity.

1. Background: The Quest for Identity

• Core grievance: Discrimination faced by Telangana region during the 1980s and 1990s.
• Key actors: Intellectuals, artists, journalists, and political leaders encouraged resistance.
• Underlying issues:
  • Neglect in agriculture, irrigation, electricity, education, medical care, employment, and industry.
  • Sections 107 and 108(1) of the States Reorganisation Act were ignored.
  • Consequences: Hunger deaths, suicides, migrations leading to discontent.

2. Three Phases of the Later Telangana Movement (from 1984)

3. Catalyst: Himayath Nagar By-Elections (1983)

• Trigger: Death of incumbent TDP MLA.
• TDP nomination: Parvataneni Upendra opposed by locals.
• Result: BJP candidate Ale Narendra won.
• Significance: Protest against political dominance.
• Outcome: Revived Telangana movement activists.

Formation of Telangana Democratic Front (TDF)

• Meeting: YMCA hall, Narayanaguda.
• Key activists: Pratap Kishore, E.V. Padmanabham, Satyanarayana.
• Result: Establishment of Telangana Democratic Front.

4. Telangana Party (1984)

• Founded by: Devendra Swamy and associates.
• Location: Warangal.
• Endorsed by:
  • Bhupati Krishnamurthy
  • Kaloji Narayana Rao
• Support base: Leaders from Warangal and other districts.

5. Telangana Jana Sabha (1985)

• Founded by: Satyanarayana (editor, State Advisory newspaper).
• Formation: Merger of Telangana Democratic Front (TDF) and Telangana Party.
• President: Satyanarayana.

Key Meeting (February 27, 1985)

• Venue: Andhra Saraswat Parishad hall, Hyderabad.
• Presided by: Vandemataram Ram Chandra Rao.
• Commitment: Push for separate Telangana state.

Same Day – Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi’s Speech

• Location: Siddipet.
• Content: Acknowledged injustices since 1956 and promised remedies.

Subsequent Activities

• Meetings in Warangal and Kothagudem.
• Delegation to Delhi met PM Rajiv Gandhi.
• Sought support from L.K. Advani and George Fernandez.

Decline

• Activities declined after Vandemataram Ramchandra Rao shifted focus.

6. Sarvadeshik Arya Pratinidhi Sabha Investigation on Telangana

• Body: Sarvadeshik Arya Pratinidhi Sabha.
• Commission: Om Prakash Tyagi and H.K.S. Malik.
• Action: Extensive tour of Telangana.
• Report Date: November 22, 1985.
• Conclusion: Demand for separate Telangana justified.
• Submission: Report presented to PM Rajiv Gandhi.

7. March to Delhi by Telangana Supporters (June 1987)

• Leaders: Pratap Kishore, Sanavullah, Sher Khan, Shavuddin.
• Route: Charminar → Gunpark → Medchal → Nirmal → Adilabad → Nagpur.
• From Nagpur: Travelled by train to Delhi.
• Action: Met Vice-President and submitted memorandum.

Aftermath – Revival of Telangana Praja Samithi

• Decision: Revival of Telangana Praja Samithi.
• Year: 1987.
• President: Bhupathi Krishna Murthy.

8. Telangana Porata Samithi

• Founders: K.R. Amos and Mechineni Kishan Rao.
• Objective: Movement for separate Telangana state.

All-India Conference on Small States (Delhi)

• Attendees from Telangana: K.R. Amos and Mechineni Kishan Rao.
• Discussions: Creation of smaller states.
• Document submitted: Advocated for Telangana, Jharkhand, and Vidarbha.
• Telangana representatives actively participated.

9. Contributions of Velichala Jagapathi Rao

• Background: Former Congress MLC from Karimnagar; active in 1969 movement.
• 1989: Organized three-day awareness camps in Karimnagar.

Involvement in Jala Sadhana Samithi Movement

• Initiated by: Dushcharla Satyanarayana in Nalgonda.
• Participated in Pada Yatra from Nalgonda to Srisailam.
• Meeting at Sri Ram Sagar project highlighting injustices.

Report on Irrigation & Electricity Inequities (1991–92)

• Authored detailed report on irrigation and electricity inequities.
• Impact: Intensified public awareness and protests.

10. Telangana Legislative Forum (1991–92)

• Convenor: Velichala Jagapathi Rao.
• Membership: Approximately 100 MLAs.
• Chairman: Jana Reddy.

Actions

• Delhi delegation: Met President and PM P.V. Narasimha Rao to advocate for Telangana.
  • Despite being from Telangana, he supported united Andhra Pradesh.
• Memorandum to CM Nedurumalli Janardhan Reddy:
  • Led to Assembly discussions.
  • CM acknowledged issues and promised action.
  • Later replaced by Kotla Vijaya Bhaskar Reddy.

Additional Contribution

• N. Prabhakar wrote essays on irrigation issues and Telangana needs.

11. O.U. Forum for Telangana (Established 1987)

Formation Details

• Date: September 17, 1987
• Venue: Room No. 57, Arts College, Osmania University
• Presided by: Prof. Lakshman
• Chief Guest: Dasaradi Krishnamacharyulu
• Founding Professors (led by Prof. Lakshman):
  • Prof. Jayashankar
  • Prof. Keshav Rao
  • Prof. Madhusudhan Reddy

Objectives & Activities

• Foster Telangana-centric ideology among professors and students.
• 1988 New Year greetings featured Telangana map.
• 1988 calendars included Telangana map.
• First political map of Telangana created by Kaloji Narayana Rao.
• Annual commemorations:
  • September 17 – Telangana Liberation Day
  • November 1 – Telangana Betrayal Day
• May 2001: Invited K.C.R. to Arts College and organized meeting at Tagore Auditorium.

12. Telangana Sangarshana Samithi (1989)

• Co-founders: Koheda Prabhakar Reddy and Mechineni Kishan Rao.
• Objective: Advocate for separate Telangana state.
• Participation: Salauddin Owaisi attended meetings.
  • This was the only instance he supported separate Telangana.
  • Otherwise he advocated united Andhra Pradesh.

13. Summary of Discrimination & Underdevelopment of Telangana Under Andhra Rule

• Sectors neglected: Agriculture, irrigation, electricity, education, medical care, employment, industry.
• Irrigation neglect: Farmers relied heavily on underground water.
• Legal violation: Sections 107 and 108(1) of States Reorganisation Act not implemented.
• Human consequences: Hunger deaths, suicides, migrations.
• Result: Widespread discontent and revival of Telangana movement.

Writers and poets played an important role in the Telangana movement. Different literary forms – stories, poems, novels, essays, and songs – helped transform public sentiment into a mass movement and spread the ideology among the people.

A. Poets & Singers

1. Goreti Venkanna (“Praja Kavi” – People’s Poet)

• Born in: Gouraram village, Telkapally mandal, Nagarkurnool district.
• Notable Works: Alessandra Vanka, Rela Puthalu.
• Career: Briefly worked in the Co-operative Department.
• Influence: Inspired by speeches of Jakka Venkataiah and Puchalapalli Sundaraiah; influenced by Mitra Shashi and Oggu stories of "Adavi Bidda".

Notable Songs

• "Relaadhulaa thalellade Nelaa Na Telangana"
• "Palle Kanneru Pedutundo - Kanipinchani Kutrala"
• "Jai Bholo Amaraveerula Jai Bholo"
• "Iddaram Vidipothe Bhoomi Baddhalavu- thundha"

2. Nandini Sidda Reddy

• Hails from: Siddipet district.
• Education: M.Phil and Ph.D. in Telugu literature.
• M.Phil thesis: "Adhunika Telugu Kavitvam lo Suryudu".
• Ph.D. thesis: "Adhunika Telugu Kavitvam Vasthava Katha – Aadhivasthavikatha".
• Father: Narra Bala Sidha Reddy – Telangana Armed Struggle figure.

Notable Songs

• "Nageti Salalo – Na Telangana" (Nandi Award – 2010)
• "Joharulu Joharulu....Amarula Joharulu, Veerulaku Joharulu"
• "Pudamiki Panduga Puvvula Jatara"
• "Oka Puvvu Oka Navvu"
• "Telangana Matti.... Thyagalaku Patti"

3. Gaddar (Gummadi Vittal Rao) – “Praja Yudanaka” (Warrior of the People)

• Name origin: Chose "Gadar" in homage to the pre-independence Ghadar Party.
• Born in: Toopran, Medak district.

Notable Songs

• "Amma Telanganama - Akali Kekala Ganama"
• "Podustunna Poddumeeda - Nadustunna Kalama, Poru Telanganama"
• "Apara Rikshoda" – First song written by Gaddar
• "Nee Padam Meeda Puttumachchanai Chellamma"
• "Lal Salam...Lal Salam"
• "Na Thalli Telangana ...Thiraga badda Veena"
• "Poddu Tirugudu Puvvu Poddunu Muddade Tholi Poddu Muddade…"

4. Ande Sri (Ande Yellaiah)

• Hails from: Revathi Village, Warangal district.
• Notable role: Lyricist of Telangana State song – "Jaya Jaya he Telangana Janani Jaya Ketanam."

Notable Songs

• "Mayamai Pothunnadamma Manishannavaadu"
• "Chudu Telangana Chukka neelu Lenidana..."
• "Uru Telangana Na Peru Telangana"
• "Palle neeku vandanalamma"
• "Parigethu na pata Prajala nota..."
• "Komma Chekkite Bommara... Kolichi Mokkithe Ammara..."
• "Jana Jataralo mana geetham Jaya kethanamai yegarali..."
• "Gallu gallu gallu Anna lara! Ma Akka Lara..."
• "Gala gala gala gajjala Bandi... Yelli pothunnava thalli"

5. Kaloji Narayana Rao (1914–2002)

• Born: September 9, 1914, Gattahalli village, Bijapur district, Karnataka.
• Family moved to: Madikonda, Warangal district.
• Original name: Raghuveer Narayana Laxmikantha Srinivas Rao.
• Recognition: September 9 observed as Telangana Language Day.
• 1953: President of Telangana Rachayita Ka Sangam.

Literary Works

• "Naa Godava" (1953)
• "Parthiva Nyayam"
• "Anna Kathalu"
• "Jeevana Geethi"
• "Maname Nayam"
• "Vibhuti"

6. Guda Anjaiah (1955 – 2016)

• Born: 1955 in Lingampally village, Dandepalli Mandal, Adilabad district.
• Profession: Pharmacist.
• Role: Communicated injustices through songs from 1969 Telangana movement onwards.

Literary Works

• "Dalitha Kathalu" (Compilation of Stories)
• "Polimera" (Novel)
• Written during Emergency (1975); features revolutionary student leader Gopi.
• Drama: "Girijan Mahila Meluko"

B. Intellectuals

1. Prof. Kothapalli Jaya Shankar

• Dedication: From 1952 Mulki agitation to final phase of Telangana movement.
• Born: August 6, 1934, Akkampet village, Warangal district.
• Early act: Sang "Vandemataram" during Nizam rule.
• 1952 agitation slogans:
  • "Non-Mulki go back"
  • "Idli-Sambar go back"
  • Promoted "Puri-Mutter"
• Education: M.A. Economics (BHU), Ph.D. Economics (Osmania University).
• Positions: Principal CKM College; Vice-Chancellor Kakatiya University.

Books by Jaya Shankar

• "Telangana Rashtram – Oka Demand"
• "Thalladilluthunna Telangana"
• "Telangana lo em jaruguthondi"
• "Telangana Rashtra yerba tupai Visrutha Angikaram – Ninja Nijalu"

Organizations Founded

• Telangana Information Trust
• Telangana Vidyavanthula Vedika
• Telangana United Front
• Centre for Telangana Studies
• Telangana Development Association

• Served as Chairman of Centre for Telangana Studies.
• Biography: "Oduvani Muchatlu" by Kompalli Srinivas Goud.
• Death: June 21, 2011.
• Honor: Acharya Jaya Shankar Agricultural University named in 2014.

2. Prof. Kodandaram (Muddasani Kodandaram Reddy)

• Born: September 5, 1955, in Mancherial district.
• Stand against casteism: Dropped "Reddy" from his name.
• Role: Professor of Political Science; key figure in Telangana movement.
• 2004: Established Telangana Intellectuals Forum.
• December 24, 2009: Formed Telangana Joint Action Committee (TJAC); served as convenor.
• Book: "Telangana Rashtrodayam" (2015).
• Award: Acharya Devo Bhava Award (2015).

Key Programs Organized by TJAC

• "Palle Palle Pattala Paiki"
• Million March
• Telangana March
• Sadak Bandh
• Vanta Varpu

Famous Slogan (August 2012)

• "Congress Khatam Karo, Telangana Hasil Karo"

3. Prof. Keshav Rao Jadhav (“Mr. Telangana”)

• Born: 1933, Hussaini Alam, Hyderabad.
• Founded "Tehzeeb" organization during school days.
• English Professor at Osmania University.
• Started monthly magazine "Olympus".
• 1952: Participated in Non-Mulki movement.
• 1969 movement: Arrested 17 times.
• Influenced by death of Aruna during 1969 rally.
• Follower of Ram Manohar Lohia.
• Founded Sampurna Telangana Praja Samithi.
• Chairman of Telangana United Front (2009).
• Mentor to Kura Rajanna and Gaddar.
• Death: June 10, 2018.

Book

• "Dvesham Pratipadika Kadu" (co-written with G.S. Ram Mohan Rao)

4. Konda Laxman Bapuji

• Born: September 27, 1915, Wankidi village, Asifabad district.
• Residence in Hyderabad named "Jala Dhrushyam".
• Participated in freedom struggle and anti-Nizam movement.
• Active in Telangana movements from 1952 onwards.
• Political career:
  • 1952: MLA from Asifabad.
  • 1957: MLA from Chinna Konduru; Deputy Speaker (1957–1960).
  • 1969: First minister to resign supporting Telangana.
• Death: 2012 at Jala Dhrushyam.

5. R. Vidya Sagar Rao

• Hails from: Jaji Reddy village, Nalgonda district.
• Career: Began as Junior Engineer in state government; later joined Central Water Commission.
• Retired as Chief Engineer in 1997.
• Book: "Neellu– Nijalu" – highlighted irrigation injustices faced by Telangana.
• Also wrote numerous essays on irrigation issues in newspapers.

6. Ch. Hanumanth Rao

• Background: Renowned economist from Karimnagar.
• Positions held:
  • Member of 7th and 8th Finance Commission
  • Member of Planning Commission (1982–1986)
  • Member of Economic Advisory Council for RBI (1982–1984)
• Advocacy: Supported formation of smaller states for better governance.
• Student activism: Active in Hyderabad Student Union.
• Honors:
  • Padma Bhushan (2004)
  • Honorary doctorates from Kakatiya University
  • Honorary doctorate from Sri Krishna Devaraya University
• Delivered speeches along with Prof. Jaya Shankar highlighting regional inequalities.